What is the thick layer under the surface is a mixture of humus and the rocky fragments and what it is called?

The thick layer beneath the surface, composed of a mixture of humus and rocky fragments, is known as soil. This layer plays a crucial role in providing nutrients and support for plant growth. It typically consists of various minerals, organic matter, water, and air, contributing to its fertility and structure. Soil formation is a complex process influenced by climate, organisms, topography, and time.