How hyperlipidemia cause endothelial injury?

Hyperlipidemia leads to endothelial injury primarily through the accumulation of lipids, particularly low-density lipoproteins (LDL), in the arterial walls. This accumulation triggers inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. The damaged endothelium becomes more permeable, promoting the infiltration of inflammatory cells and further lipid deposition, which can eventually lead to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the inflammatory mediators released during this process can exacerbate endothelial injury and impair vascular health.