How were scientists able to use deduction to collect data on stars that are extremely distant from earth?

Scientists use deduction to gather data on distant stars by analyzing the light they emit, which reaches Earth after traveling vast distances. Through spectroscopy, they can identify the composition, temperature, and movement of these stars by examining the light's spectrum. By applying principles of physics and understanding stellar evolution, researchers can infer properties such as mass and luminosity, allowing them to construct models of these distant celestial bodies. Ultimately, this deductive reasoning enables scientists to expand our knowledge of the universe despite the immense distances involved.