The Israelites were numbered by Moses and Eleazar the priest, who numbered the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho. (Numbers 26:63)
This was a few months before Joshua led them across the Jordan river.
In Numbers 26:51 the Jewish adult males numbered 601,730:
These were the numbered of the children of Israel, six hundred thousand and a thousand seven hundred and thirty.
Double it to include the women and you have 1,203,460 adults. Since we don't know how many children there were, we could be talking anywhere from 2 million people and up.
This is ignoring verse 62 regarding the 23,000 Levites: And those that were numbered of them were twenty and three thousand, all males from a month old and upward:
I think God Himself gives a much better clue:
"Say to them, 'As I live,' says The Lord, 'what you have said in My hearing I will do to you: your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness; and of all your number, numbered from twenty years old and upward, who have murmured against Me, not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. But your little ones, who you said would become a prey, I will bring in, and they shall know the land which you have despised. But as for you, your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness. And your children shall be shepherds in the wilderness forty years, and shall suffer for your faithlessness, until the last of your dead bodies lies in the wilderness. According to the number of the days in which you spied out the land, forty days, for every day a year, you shall bear your iniquity, forty years, and you shall know My displeasure.'" (Numbers 14:28-34 RSV)
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