What are the differences between deputation joint consultation and collective bargaining?

Deputation joint consultation involves representatives from management and employees discussing workplace issues, typically focusing on sharing information and seeking consensus without formal negotiations over terms and conditions. In contrast, collective bargaining is a formal process where employers and employee representatives negotiate binding agreements on wages, working conditions, and other employment terms. While joint consultation aims for collaborative dialogue, collective bargaining is more adversarial, often culminating in legally enforceable contracts. Ultimately, joint consultation fosters communication, whereas collective bargaining is centered on negotiation and agreement.