How did the crusades affect monarchs and popes?

The Crusades significantly enhanced the power and influence of monarchs and popes in medieval Europe. Monarchs, by leading or supporting the Crusades, could consolidate power, gain prestige, and unify their realms under a common cause, often increasing their control over noble factions. Meanwhile, popes strengthened their spiritual authority and political influence by positioning themselves as leaders of Christendom, promoting the idea of holy war, and fostering a sense of unity among Christians. However, the Crusades also led to tensions between secular rulers and the papacy, as both sought to assert their dominance in the religious and political spheres.