What animal made caravans across the Sahara possible?

The animal that made caravans across the Sahara possible is the camel, specifically the dromedary or Arabian camel. Adapted to the harsh desert environment, camels can travel long distances without water and carry heavy loads, making them essential for trade routes across the Sahara. Their unique physiology allows them to endure extreme temperatures and navigate sandy terrains, facilitating commerce and cultural exchange between regions.