Where has theocracy existed?

Theocracy has existed in various forms throughout history and across different cultures. Notable examples include ancient Egypt, where pharaohs were considered divine rulers, and the Vatican City, governed by the Pope as a religious leader. Iran is a contemporary example, where the Islamic Republic is led by religious authorities who interpret Islamic law. Other instances can be seen in certain historical Islamic caliphates and in various tribal or indigenous societies that blend governance with spiritual leadership.