What is the difference between protection and trample in Magic: The Gathering (MTG) and how do they interact with each other in gameplay?

In Magic: The Gathering, protection prevents a creature from being targeted, dealt damage, enchanted/equipped, or blocked by sources of a specified color or type. Trample allows excess damage from a creature's attack to be dealt to the defending player or planeswalker. When a creature with trample attacks a creature with protection from the attacking creature's color or type, the trample damage is prevented and does not go through to the defending player or planeswalker.