Was the devastation of Pearl Harbor a result of American unpreparedness or of superior Japanese planning?

The devastation of Pearl Harbor can be attributed to both American unpreparedness and superior Japanese planning. The U.S. military underestimated the possibility of an air attack on the base and failed to adequately prepare its defenses, despite receiving intelligence indicating potential threats. Conversely, the Japanese executed a meticulously planned and coordinated attack that capitalized on these vulnerabilities, demonstrating their tactical superiority. Ultimately, it was a combination of these factors that led to the attack's devastating impact.