How does cache memory help speed up the CPU?

Here's an analogy:

You're in your room working on a paper for class. You get to a point where you need to quote a periodical, but its in the car. You walk down to the car get the periodical, go back to your room and continue working on your paper. Repeat this 10 times for 10 different things.

Imagine instead you go down to the car once, take all the periodicals and put them on the desk next to you. Now when you want to quote a line all your materials are next to you. That is WAY faster. Same principle. Fetching data from disk (your hard drive) is amazingly slow. When we have to fetch data from disk its better to take a big block, push it into a faster kind of memory (some kind of RAM or register) and fetch data from those blocks instead.