The intermolecular forces between rubidium atoms are primarily metallic bonds, as rubidium is an alkali metal. In the solid state, these metallic bonds result from the attraction between the positively charged metal ions and the sea of delocalized electrons. In liquid form, while the metallic bonding remains, the atoms can move more freely, but the forces still primarily reflect metallic interactions rather than van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding. Overall, rubidium exhibits relatively weak intermolecular forces compared to more covalently bonded substances, contributing to its low melting and boiling points.
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