How do Roman shields work?

Roman shields, particularly the large rectangular scutum, were designed for both offensive and defensive purposes. Made of wood, covered in leather, and often reinforced with metal, they provided substantial protection against projectiles and melee attacks. The curved shape allowed for better deflection of blows, while soldiers could use them to form tight formations, like the testudo, enhancing collective defense. Additionally, the size and design allowed for effective use in both individual combat and group tactics.