How did the relationship between church and state differ in the west?

In the West, particularly during the Middle Ages, the relationship between church and state was characterized by a significant intertwining of religious and political authority, with the Church often wielding considerable power over monarchs and state affairs. This was exemplified by the papacy's influence in European politics, where popes could excommunicate rulers or influence succession. However, the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century began to shift this dynamic, leading to a gradual separation where state authority started to challenge and limit the Church's power. Ultimately, the Enlightenment further encouraged secular governance, establishing a clearer distinction between church and state in Western societies.