What were causes of high mortality among enslaved Africans?

High mortality among enslaved Africans was primarily due to brutal living and working conditions, including inadequate shelter, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care. The harsh treatment by slave owners and overseers, combined with the physical demands of labor-intensive tasks, led to exhaustion and illness. Additionally, the psychological trauma and disruption of family and community bonds contributed to a decline in overall health and well-being. Outbreaks of diseases, exacerbated by overcrowding and unsanitary conditions on plantations and ships, further increased mortality rates.