Do male cats recognize their offspring as their own?

Yes. Both male and female cats care for their litter for awhile before they are old enough to go off on their own. Although the males don't usually feed the kittens, they will guard they and their mother from danger.

However, when the litter grows up and moves away, both mother and father will go off alone, and quite possibly never see each other again. If they do meet again, they will not reconize each other or their own kittens.