What is the controlled and manipulate variable for paper chromatography planning and designing lab?

In a paper chromatography experiment, the controlled variable is typically the type of paper used and the solvent, as these factors need to remain consistent to ensure reliable results. The manipulated variable is the composition of the sample mixture being tested, which can vary to observe how different substances separate during the chromatography process. By controlling these variables, researchers can accurately analyze the effectiveness of the separation technique.