The most important legacy of the Sumerians is their development of cuneiform writing, one of the earliest forms of written communication, which laid the foundation for record-keeping, literature, and administration. Additionally, they made significant advances in mathematics and astronomy, establishing a base-60 number system that influences how we measure time and angles today. Their innovations in irrigation and urban planning also contributed to the rise of complex societies and city-states, shaping future civilizations. Overall, the Sumerians' contributions greatly influenced various aspects of culture, governance, and science in subsequent societies.
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