Why are plants not vaccinated against diseases?

Plants do not receive vaccines like animals or humans because their immune systems operate differently. While animals have adaptive immune responses that can be enhanced by vaccination, plants rely on innate immune responses and a range of biochemical pathways to defend against pathogens. Additionally, plant diseases often involve a complex interplay between pathogens and host resistance genes, making it challenging to develop effective vaccines. Instead, disease management in plants typically involves practices like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and integrated pest management.