What early trade disadvantage did pre-Columbian civilizations such as the Maya Aztec and Inca have?

Pre-Columbian civilizations like the Maya, Aztec, and Inca faced early trade disadvantages due to their limited access to domesticated animals for transport and labor, relying primarily on human porters. Additionally, the lack of a unified writing system for record-keeping and communication hindered their ability to establish extensive trade networks. Geographic barriers, such as mountains and jungles, also restricted trade routes and interactions with other cultures. These factors collectively limited their trade efficiency compared to civilizations with more advanced logistical capabilities.