How does the government control interest rates?

The government controls interest rates primarily through its central bank, which implements monetary policy. By adjusting the benchmark interest rate, such as the federal funds rate in the U.S., the central bank influences the cost of borrowing and the overall money supply. Lowering interest rates can stimulate economic growth by encouraging borrowing and spending, while raising rates can help control inflation by making borrowing more expensive. Additionally, central banks may use open market operations to buy or sell government securities, further impacting interest rates and liquidity in the financial system.