In the late 1800s how did European countries build empires?

In the late 1800s, European countries built empires primarily through Imperialism and colonization, driven by economic interests, nationalism, and competition among nations. They established control over vast territories in Africa and Asia, often using military force, treaties, and diplomacy. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 is a notable example, where European powers divided Africa among themselves without regard for indigenous cultures or borders. This expansion was fueled by the Industrial Revolution, which created a demand for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods.