What is the cause of a boiler scale?

Boiler scale is primarily caused by the deposition of minerals, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, and iron oxides, that precipitate out of water as it is heated. When hard water is heated in a boiler, dissolved minerals can crystallize and accumulate on the boiler's internal surfaces. This accumulation can lead to reduced efficiency, overheating, and potential damage to the boiler system. Regular maintenance and the use of water treatment methods can help mitigate scale formation.