What are the gases that are emitted from an exhaust pipe?

The gases emitted from an exhaust pipe primarily include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Additionally, water vapor is released as a byproduct of combustion. These emissions can contribute to air pollution and have various environmental and health impacts. Efforts to reduce these emissions often involve catalytic converters and other technologies in vehicles.