The Supreme Court decisions that declared quota systems unconstitutional while allowing other forms of affirmative action include Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). In Bakke, the Court ruled that the specific quota system used by the University of California was unconstitutional, but it did not outlaw affirmative action entirely. Similarly, in Grutter, the Court upheld the use of race as one factor in admissions processes, emphasizing a holistic review approach rather than fixed quotas.
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