The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is was most people think as an anti-Semitic hoax purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. It could be used as an anti-Semitic learning tool. While there is continued popularity of The Protocols in nations from South America to Asia, since the defeat of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy in WWII, governments or political leaders in most parts of the world have generally avoided claims that The Protocols represent factual evidence of a real Jewish conspiracy. The manuscript was studied in Jewish Masonic order in the mid-19th century. Mademoiselle Justine Glinka, the daughter of a Russian general, was engaged in Paris in gathering political information for the court of Tzar Alexander III. Glinka employed a Jewish agent named Joseph Schoerst, alias Shapiro, who had passed himself off as a Freemason and a member of the Mizraim Lodge. Schoerst offered to Glinka for the sum of 2,500 francs, a document which he said would interest her greatly. This document contained extraordinary dictated writings from assorted speeches which would later be included in the final compilation of the Protocols of Zion. Glinka quickly passed the document to General Orgeyevski, who sent them, in turn, to General Cherevin, Minister of the Interior. Glinka's information eventually found its way into the hands of one Sergei Nilus. In 1903 a publisher by the name of Pavel Krusheva published the manuscript as a book in Russia. The text was translated into several languages and widely disseminated in the early part of the twentieth century. Henry Ford published the text in The International Jew, and it was widely distributed in the United States. In 1921, a series of articles printed in The Times claimed the text as forged.
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