What are causes ephysema?

Emphysema is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs, with cigarette smoking being the most significant risk factor. Other causes include air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust exposure, particularly in occupational settings. Genetic factors, such as a deficiency in alpha-1 antitrypsin, can also contribute to the development of emphysema. Over time, these factors lead to the destruction of the alveoli, or air sacs, in the lungs, impairing breathing.