What is the purpose of the two courts in the dumbbell tenement?

The two courts in a dumbbell tenement serve to provide light and ventilation to the living spaces, which are typically cramped and poorly designed. These courts are situated at the center of the building, allowing air to circulate and sunlight to reach the interior apartments. Additionally, they offer communal outdoor spaces for residents, promoting a sense of community among tenants in densely populated urban areas. Overall, these courts aim to improve the livability of the tenement despite its limited space.