Why does ciprofloxacin harm human cells?

Ciprofloxacin can harm human cells primarily because it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for bacterial DNA replication and repair. While these targets are specific to bacteria, ciprofloxacin can also affect similar enzymes in human cells, albeit to a lesser extent, leading to potential side effects. Additionally, it may disrupt cellular processes and induce oxidative stress, contributing to toxicity in certain tissues. This dual action can result in adverse reactions, particularly in sensitive populations.