Can you sue a police officer for arresting you and keeping you in prison for 10 days for a crime you did not commit?

Yes, although you would need to show that the officer acted unreasonably in arresting you. If the officer had probable cause to believe you committed a crime, the arrest is lawful and proper, even if the officer's perception or decision was shown to be in error. So long as the officer acted reasonably, he is immune from civil liability.