What causes shunt infections?

A shunt infection (usually referring to a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt used to treat hydrocephalus) happens when bacteria get into the shunt system that drains excess fluid from the brain.

Main Causes:

During surgery:

The most common cause. Bacteria from the skin or the environment can enter the shunt when it’s being placed or handled.

After surgery (postoperative):

The wound site can get infected and spread bacteria along the shunt tract.

Through the bloodstream:

Less commonly, bacteria from another infection (like pneumonia or urinary infection) can travel in the blood and infect the shunt.

From the skin:

If bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis or Staphylococcus aureus (which normally live on the skin) reach the shunt tubing, they can form a biofilm — a sticky layer that protects them from antibiotics.