Can new Homeowner file a claim against General Contractor Liability Insurance for work done for previous home ownwer that caused property damaged recently discovered by new owner of the house?

No. You, (The new owner) was not a party to the contract between the previous homeowner and the trade contractor. The contractor has no obligation to a subsequent owner with whom he did not contract or make warranty.

It's no different than when you buy a used car. You would have no recourse for work you might consider substandard against a mechanic that did repairs for the previous owner because you did not own the property at that time and were not a party to the repair agreement.

Hopefully you purchased a home warranty through your realtor when you purchased the home they are very inexpensive. Your recourse would be to file a claim on the home warranty offered to you when you made your home purchase.