What method did Italian Renaissance artists use to give their flat paintings a sense of depth?

Italian Renaissance artists employed linear perspective to create a sense of depth in their flat paintings. This technique involves using a vanishing point on the horizon line where parallel lines converge, mimicking how the human eye perceives space. Additionally, they utilized atmospheric perspective by fading colors and reducing detail in objects meant to appear farther away, enhancing the illusion of depth. These methods revolutionized the representation of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.