Which of he following was not a major cause of imperialism in the 1800s?

One of the major causes of Imperialism in the 1800s included economic interests, where industrialized nations sought new markets and raw materials. Nationalism also played a significant role, as countries aimed to assert their dominance and prestige on the global stage. However, humanitarian concerns, such as the desire to spread Christianity or improve living conditions in colonized regions, were often used as justifications rather than primary causes of imperialism. Therefore, if the question lists humanitarian motives as a cause, it would be the one that is not considered a major driving force of imperialism.