What is pull-out torque formula?

The pull-out torque formula is used to calculate the torque required to pull a fastener out of a material, typically in applications involving screws or bolts. It can be expressed as ( T = F \times d ), where ( T ) is the torque, ( F ) is the force applied to pull the fastener out, and ( d ) is the distance from the center of the fastener to the point of force application (usually the head of the screw). Factors such as material strength, fastener geometry, and surface conditions also influence the effective pull-out torque.