Does a bondsman get money back if a person skips court and runs for a long time and then gets caught by the police but the bondsman paid the bond and lost his money - does he then get it back?

No, the bond money was posted to ensure and guarantee the defendant's appearance at subsequent court hearings. The defendant failed to appear and went on the run, becoming a fugitive from justice.

Only if the bail bondsman HIMSELF captured and delivered the fugitive to court will the money be returned to him. If the fugitive was captured solely by law enforcement it has no effect on the bond forfeiture.