How Caffeine effect the immune system?

Caffeine can have both stimulatory and modulatory effects on the immune system. It may enhance certain immune responses by increasing the production of specific cytokines, which are signaling molecules involved in immune regulation. However, excessive caffeine consumption can lead to increased stress hormones like cortisol, which may suppress immune function over time. Overall, moderate caffeine intake is generally considered safe and may even provide some immune benefits, but individual responses can vary.