Thomas Jefferson opposed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which was enacted by the outgoing Federalist Congress to expand the federal judiciary and appoint numerous Federalist judges. Jefferson viewed this act as an attempt by the Federalists to entrench their power in the judiciary and undermine the principles of democracy and republicanism. Upon taking office, he sought to repeal the act and reduce the number of judges, reflecting his belief in limiting federal authority and promoting a more balanced government.
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