Land situation during spanish rule early rebellion?

During Spanish rule in the Philippines, land was primarily controlled by Spanish colonizers and the Catholic Church, leading to widespread inequality and disenfranchisement of local farmers. Indigenous peasants often worked on lands they did not own, facing heavy taxation and forced labor. This exploitation fueled early rebellions, such as the 1896 Philippine Revolution led by figures like Andrés Bonifacio, as Filipinos sought to reclaim their rights and land from colonial powers. The desire for land reform and autonomy became central themes in the struggle for independence.