During much of the intertestamental period, Syria was ruled by the Seleucid Empire, which emerged after the death of Alexander the great in the 4th century BCE. The Seleucid rulers, particularly Antiochus IV Epiphanes, are notable for their attempts to Hellenize the Jewish population, leading to significant tensions and the Maccabean Revolt. This period of Seleucid control lasted until the rise of Roman influence in the region.
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