Who advised leaders to rule by fear?

Niccolò Machiavelli, a Renaissance political philosopher, is often associated with the idea that leaders should rule by fear. In his seminal work, "The Prince," he argues that it is better for a ruler to be feared than loved if they cannot be both, as fear can maintain control and stability. However, Machiavelli also cautions that a ruler should avoid being hated, as that can lead to rebellion. His views emphasize the pragmatic and sometimes ruthless nature of political leadership.