How is the CPU and motherboard affected by electrostatic discharge?

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can severely damage the CPU and motherboard by creating voltage spikes that exceed their tolerance levels. This can lead to immediate failure or latent defects, which may cause components to malfunction over time. ESD can disrupt the delicate circuits and connections on the motherboard, leading to instability, data loss, or complete system failure. Proper ESD precautions, such as using anti-static wrist straps and mats, are essential to protect these sensitive components during handling and installation.