Who else can give informed consent other than patient?

Informed consent can also be provided by a legal representative, such as a parent or guardian for minors, or a designated healthcare proxy for individuals who are incapacitated. Additionally, in some cases, a spouse or other family members may be involved in the decision-making process, particularly when the patient is unable to communicate their wishes. However, the specific requirements for who can provide consent may vary based on local laws and healthcare regulations.