In footnotes what is id?

In footnotes, "id." is an abbreviation for the Latin term "idem," meaning "the same." It is used to refer back to the last source cited, allowing authors to avoid repeating the full citation. This shorthand helps maintain clarity and conciseness in legal and academic writing. For example, if a source is cited in a footnote and the next footnote references the same source, "id." can be used instead of restating the entire citation.