Christopher Columbus relied on technology that originated in?

Christopher Columbus relied on technology that originated in the late medieval period, particularly advancements in navigation and shipbuilding from Europe and the Islamic world. Key tools included the magnetic compass, astrolabe, and improved maps known as portolan charts, which helped sailors understand coastal geography. The caravel, a ship design that combined speed and maneuverability, was also critical for long ocean voyages. These technologies enabled Columbus to undertake his historic voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.