Can a judge award punitive damages to the plaintiff if the plaintiff did not file for it?

Generally, a judge cannot award punitive damages if the plaintiff did not specifically request them in their complaint or during the trial. Punitive damages are intended to punish the defendant for particularly egregious conduct and deter similar behavior in the future, and they typically require a formal claim for them to be considered. However, in some jurisdictions, the court may allow for such damages to be addressed if the facts of the case clearly warrant them and the defendant had adequate notice. Ultimately, the rules can vary by jurisdiction, so it’s essential to consult local laws.