How does the atmosphere interfere with telescopes?

The atmosphere interferes with telescopes primarily through turbulence and distortion caused by varying air densities, which can blur and distort the images of celestial objects. Additionally, atmospheric conditions like clouds, humidity, and light pollution can obstruct light from reaching the telescope or diminish image quality. The absorption and scattering of light by atmospheric particles also limit the range of wavelengths that can be effectively observed, particularly in the infrared and ultraviolet regions. These factors make ground-based observations less precise compared to those conducted from space.