The answer would be C) Parallax.
The Absolute Magnitude of a star is the star's actual brightness, and is therefore not dependent upon the position of the observer.
Red Shift and Blue Shift are consequences of a stars speed relative to the observer. Again this is independent of the stars proximity to the observer.
Parallax, is the apparent change in position based upon the motion of the observer, and is directly proportional to the proximity of the object. Just as, when driving on the road distant trees or buildings don't appear to zoom past you as quickly as a pedestrian on the side of the road, so it is with stars. The closer they are the larger the parallax is as the Earth orbits the Sun, for example.
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