American novel-writing turned from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged realism as a result of the?

industrialization and urbanization that reshaped American society in the late 19th century. Writers began to focus on depicting the harsh realities of everyday life, social issues, and the struggles of common people, moving away from the idealized and romanticized narratives of previous literary movements. This shift also coincided with a growing emphasis on objective observation and detailed representation of the human experience in literature.