What is the fate of certain vitamins and mineral such as vitamin C thiamin and sodium when they are consumed in excess?

When consumed in excess, water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C and thiamin are generally excreted through urine, minimizing the risk of toxicity. However, excessive intake of these vitamins may still lead to gastrointestinal disturbances or other mild side effects. In contrast, sodium, which is a mineral, can lead to health issues such as hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular disease when consumed in excess. The body regulates sodium levels, but chronic overconsumption can overwhelm these mechanisms.